Prof. Jeff Furman (Boston University)
Program
- Date: 26.03.2008
Time: 17:15 - 18:45
Location: INNO-tec Bibliothek 202, Kaulbachstr. 45
Climbing atop the shoulders of giants: The impact of institutions on cumulative research (Jeff Furman & Scott Stern)
While the cumulative nature of knowledge is recognized as central to economic growth, the microeconomic foundations of cumulativeness are less understood. This paper investigates the impact of a research-enhancing institution on cumulativeness, highlighting two effects. First, a selection effect may result in a high correlation between "high-quality" institutions and knowledge of high intrinsic quality and longevity. Second, an institution may have a marginal impact - an incremental influence on cumulativeness, conditional on the type and quality of knowledge considered. This paper distinguishes these effects in the context of a specific institution, biological resource centers (BRCs). BRCs are "living libraries" that authenticate, preserve, and offer independent access to biological materials, such as cells, cultures, and specimens. BRCs may enhance the cumulativeness of knowledge by reducing the marginal cost to researchers of drawing on prior research efforts. We exploit three key aspects of the environment in which BRCs operate to evaluate how they affect the cumulativeness of knowledge: (a) the impact of scientific knowledge is reflected in future scientific citations, (b) deposit into BRCs often occurs with a substantial lag after initial research is completed and published, and (c) "lagged" deposits often result from shocks unrelated to the characteristics of the materials themselves. Employing a difference-in-differences estimator linking specific materials deposits to journal articles, we find evidence for both selection effects and the marginal impact of BRCs on the cumulativeness of knowledge associated with deposited materials. Moreover, the marginal impact increases with time and varies with the economic and institutional conditions in which deposit occurs.
- Date: 02.04.2008
Time: 17:15 - 18:45
Location: Room E004, Kaulbachstr. 45
Retractions in scientific literature: Preliminary evidence (Jeff Furman, Kyle Jensen, Fiona Murray)
There is widespread agreement that knowledge is cumulative – scientists “stand on the shoulders of giants”. But – the efficiency of knowledge accumulation depends (among other things) upon the veracity of knowledge. Mertonian norms (1973) of commonualism, universalism, disinterestedness & organized skepticism (at work in the lab & beyond), reputation (on the producer side) and peer review as well as continued attempts at replication (on the consumer side) are institutional arrangements supporting veracity.
However, academic science involves tournaments with very high rewards to winners so incentives to dissemble exist. The success of the system requires vigilance, deterrence as well as norms. In this project, we examine evidence of acknowledged failures in this system.